couplingmanager1d3d_kernel.hh

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#ifndef DUMUX_MULTIDOMAIN_EMBEDDED_COUPLINGMANAGER_1D3D_KERNEL_HH
#define DUMUX_MULTIDOMAIN_EMBEDDED_COUPLINGMANAGER_1D3D_KERNEL_HH
 
#include <vector>
 
#include <dune/common/timer.hh>
#include <dune/geometry/quadraturerules.hh>
#include <dune/grid/common/capabilities.hh>
 
#include <dumux/common/tag.hh>
#include <dumux/common/properties.hh>
#include <dumux/common/indextraits.hh>
#include <dumux/geometry/distance.hh>
 
#include <dumux/multidomain/embedded/couplingmanagerbase.hh>
#include <dumux/multidomain/embedded/cylinderintegration.hh>
#include <dumux/multidomain/embedded/extendedsourcestencil.hh>
 
namespace Dumux {
 
namespace Embedded1d3dCouplingMode {
struct Kernel : public Utility::Tag<Kernel> {
    static std::string name() { return "kernel"; }
};
 
inline constexpr Kernel kernel{};
} // end namespace Embedded1d3dCouplingMode
 
// forward declaration
template<class MDTraits, class CouplingMode>
class Embedded1d3dCouplingManager;

template<class MDTraits>
class Embedded1d3dCouplingManager<MDTraits, Embedded1d3dCouplingMode::Kernel>
: public EmbeddedCouplingManagerBase<MDTraits, Embedded1d3dCouplingManager<MDTraits, Embedded1d3dCouplingMode::Kernel>>
{
    using ThisType = Embedded1d3dCouplingManager<MDTraits, Embedded1d3dCouplingMode::Kernel>;
    using ParentType = EmbeddedCouplingManagerBase<MDTraits, ThisType>;
    using Scalar = typename MDTraits::Scalar;
    using SolutionVector = typename MDTraits::SolutionVector;
    using PointSourceData = typename ParentType::PointSourceTraits::PointSourceData;
 
    static constexpr auto bulkIdx = typename MDTraits::template SubDomain<0>::Index();
    static constexpr auto lowDimIdx = typename MDTraits::template SubDomain<1>::Index();
 
    // the sub domain type aliases
    template<std::size_t id> using SubDomainTypeTag = typename MDTraits::template SubDomain<id>::TypeTag;
    template<std::size_t id> using Problem = GetPropType<SubDomainTypeTag<id>, Properties::Problem>;
    template<std::size_t id> using GridGeometry = GetPropType<SubDomainTypeTag<id>, Properties::GridGeometry>;
    template<std::size_t id> using GridView = typename GridGeometry<id>::GridView;
    template<std::size_t id> using Element = typename GridView<id>::template Codim<0>::Entity;
    template<std::size_t id> using GridIndex = typename IndexTraits<GridView<id>>::GridIndex;
 
    using GlobalPosition = typename Element<bulkIdx>::Geometry::GlobalCoordinate;
 
    template<std::size_t id>
    static constexpr bool isBox()
    { return GridGeometry<id>::discMethod == DiscretizationMethods::box; }
 
    static_assert(!isBox<bulkIdx>() && !isBox<lowDimIdx>(), "The kernel coupling method is only implemented for the tpfa method");
    static_assert(Dune::Capabilities::isCartesian<typename GridView<bulkIdx>::Grid>::v, "The kernel coupling method is only implemented for structured grids");
 
    enum {
        bulkDim = GridView<bulkIdx>::dimension,
        lowDimDim = GridView<lowDimIdx>::dimension,
        dimWorld = GridView<bulkIdx>::dimensionworld
    };
 
    // detect if a class (the spatial params) has a kernelWidthFactor() function
    template <typename T, typename ...Ts>
    using VariableKernelWidthDetector = decltype(std::declval<T>().kernelWidthFactor(std::declval<Ts>()...));
 
    template<class T, typename ...Args>
    static constexpr bool hasKernelWidthFactor()
    { return Dune::Std::is_detected<VariableKernelWidthDetector, T, Args...>::value; }
 
public:
    static constexpr Embedded1d3dCouplingMode::Kernel couplingMode{};
 
    using ParentType::ParentType;
 
    void init(std::shared_ptr<Problem<bulkIdx>> bulkProblem,
              std::shared_ptr<Problem<lowDimIdx>> lowDimProblem,
              const SolutionVector& curSol)
    {
        ParentType::init(bulkProblem, lowDimProblem, curSol);
        computeLowDimVolumeFractions();
 
        const auto refinement = getParamFromGroup<int>(bulkProblem->paramGroup(), "Grid.Refinement", 0);
        if (refinement > 0)
            DUNE_THROW(Dune::NotImplemented, "The current intersection detection may likely fail for refined grids.");
    }

    template<std::size_t id, class JacobianPattern>
    void extendJacobianPattern(Dune::index_constant<id> domainI, JacobianPattern& pattern) const
    {
        extendedSourceStencil_.extendJacobianPattern(*this, domainI, pattern);
    }

    template<std::size_t i, class LocalAssemblerI, class JacobianMatrixDiagBlock, class GridVariables>
    void evalAdditionalDomainDerivatives(Dune::index_constant<i> domainI,
                                         const LocalAssemblerI& localAssemblerI,
                                         const typename LocalAssemblerI::LocalResidual::ElementResidualVector&,
                                         JacobianMatrixDiagBlock& A,
                                         GridVariables& gridVariables)
    {
        extendedSourceStencil_.evalAdditionalDomainDerivatives(*this, domainI, localAssemblerI, A, gridVariables);
    }
 
    /* \brief Compute integration point point sources and associated data
     *
     * This method uses grid glue to intersect the given grids. Over each intersection
     * we later need to integrate a source term. This method places point sources
     * at each quadrature point and provides the point source with the necessary
     * information to compute integrals (quadrature weight and integration element)
     * \param order The order of the quadrature rule for integration of sources over an intersection
     * \param verbose If the point source computation is verbose
     */
    void computePointSourceData(std::size_t order = 1, bool verbose = false)
    {
        // initialize the maps
        // do some logging and profiling
        Dune::Timer watch;
        std::cout << "[coupling] Initializing the integration point source data structures..." << std::endl;
 
        // prepare the internal data structures
        prepareDataStructures_();
        std::cout << "[coupling] Resized data structures." << std::endl;
 
        const auto& bulkGridGeometry = this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry();
        const auto& lowDimGridGeometry = this->problem(lowDimIdx).gridGeometry();
 
        // generate a bunch of random vectors and values for
        // Monte-carlo integration on the cylinder defined by line and radius
        static const double characteristicRelativeLength = getParam<double>("MixedDimension.KernelIntegrationCRL", 0.1);
        EmbeddedCoupling::CylinderIntegration<Scalar> cylIntegration(characteristicRelativeLength, 1);
 
        static const bool writeIntegrationPointsToFile = getParam<bool>("MixedDimension.WriteIntegrationPointsToFile", false);
        if (writeIntegrationPointsToFile)
        {
            std::ofstream ipPointFile("kernel_points.log", std::ios::trunc);
            ipPointFile << "x,y,z\n";
            std::cout << "[coupling] Initialized kernel_points.log." << std::endl;
        }
 
        for (const auto& is : intersections(this->glue()))
        {
            // all inside elements are identical...
            const auto& inside = is.targetEntity(0);
            // get the intersection geometry for integrating over it
            const auto intersectionGeometry = is.geometry();
            const auto lowDimElementIdx = lowDimGridGeometry.elementMapper().index(inside);
 
            // for each intersection integrate kernel and add:
            //  * 1d: a new point source
            //  * 3d: a new kernel volume source
            const auto radius = this->problem(lowDimIdx).spatialParams().radius(lowDimElementIdx);
            const auto kernelWidthFactor = kernelWidthFactor_(this->problem(lowDimIdx).spatialParams(), lowDimElementIdx);
            const auto kernelWidth = kernelWidthFactor*radius;
            const auto a = intersectionGeometry.corner(0);
            const auto b = intersectionGeometry.corner(1);
            cylIntegration.setGeometry(a, b, kernelWidth);
 
            // we can have multiple 3d elements per 1d intersection
            for (int outsideIdx = 0; outsideIdx < is.numDomainNeighbors(); ++outsideIdx)
            {
                // compute source id
                // for each id we have
                // (1) a point source for the 1d domain
                // (2) a bulk source weight for the each element in the 3d domain (the fraction of the total source/sink for the 1d element with the point source)
                //     TODO: i.e. one integration of the kernel should be enough (for each of the weights it's weight/embeddings)
                // (3) the flux scaling factor for each outside element, i.e. each id
                const auto id = this->idCounter_++;
 
                // compute the weights for the bulk volume sources
                const auto& outside = is.domainEntity(outsideIdx);
                const auto bulkElementIdx = bulkGridGeometry.elementMapper().index(outside);
                const auto surfaceFactor = computeBulkSource(intersectionGeometry, radius, kernelWidth, id, lowDimElementIdx, bulkElementIdx, cylIntegration, is.numDomainNeighbors());
 
                // place a point source at the intersection center
                const auto center = intersectionGeometry.center();
                this->pointSources(lowDimIdx).emplace_back(center, id, surfaceFactor, intersectionGeometry.volume(), lowDimElementIdx);
                this->pointSources(lowDimIdx).back().setEmbeddings(is.numDomainNeighbors());
 
                // pre compute additional data used for the evaluation of
                // the actual solution dependent source term
                PointSourceData psData;
 
                // lowdim interpolation (evaluate at center)
                if constexpr (isBox<lowDimIdx>())
                {
                    using ShapeValues = std::vector<Dune::FieldVector<Scalar, 1> >;
                    const auto lowDimGeometry = this->problem(lowDimIdx).gridGeometry().element(lowDimElementIdx).geometry();
                    ShapeValues shapeValues;
                    this->getShapeValues(lowDimIdx, this->problem(lowDimIdx).gridGeometry(), lowDimGeometry, center, shapeValues);
                    psData.addLowDimInterpolation(shapeValues, this->vertexIndices(lowDimIdx, lowDimElementIdx), lowDimElementIdx);
                }
                else
                {
                    psData.addLowDimInterpolation(lowDimElementIdx);
                }
 
                // bulk interpolation (evaluate at center)
                if constexpr (isBox<bulkIdx>())
                {
                    using ShapeValues = std::vector<Dune::FieldVector<Scalar, 1> >;
                    const auto bulkGeometry = this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry().element(bulkElementIdx).geometry();
                    ShapeValues shapeValues;
                    this->getShapeValues(bulkIdx, this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry(), bulkGeometry, center, shapeValues);
                    psData.addBulkInterpolation(shapeValues, this->vertexIndices(bulkIdx, bulkElementIdx), bulkElementIdx);
                }
                else
                {
                    psData.addBulkInterpolation(bulkElementIdx);
                }
 
                // publish point source data in the global vector
                this->pointSourceData().emplace_back(std::move(psData));
 
                const auto avgMinDist = averageDistanceSegmentGeometry(a, b, outside.geometry());
                this->averageDistanceToBulkCell().push_back(avgMinDist);
                fluxScalingFactor_.push_back(this->problem(bulkIdx).fluxScalingFactor(avgMinDist, radius, kernelWidth));
 
                // export the lowdim coupling stencil
                // we insert all vertices / elements and make it unique later
                if constexpr (isBox<bulkIdx>())
                {
                    const auto& vertices = this->vertexIndices(bulkIdx, bulkElementIdx);
                    this->couplingStencils(lowDimIdx)[lowDimElementIdx].insert(this->couplingStencils(lowDimIdx)[lowDimElementIdx].end(),
                                                                               vertices.begin(), vertices.end());
                }
                else
                {
                    this->couplingStencils(lowDimIdx)[lowDimElementIdx].push_back(bulkElementIdx);
                }
            }
        }
 
        // make the stencils unique
        makeUniqueStencil_();
 
        if (!this->pointSources(bulkIdx).empty())
            DUNE_THROW(Dune::InvalidStateException, "Kernel method shouldn't have point sources in the bulk domain but only volume sources!");
 
        std::cout << "[coupling] Finished preparing manager in " << watch.elapsed() << " seconds." << std::endl;
    }

    void computeLowDimVolumeFractions()
    {
        // resize the storage vector
        lowDimVolumeInBulkElement_.resize(this->gridView(bulkIdx).size(0));
        // get references to the grid geometries
        const auto& lowDimGridGeometry = this->problem(lowDimIdx).gridGeometry();
        const auto& bulkGridGeometry = this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry();
 
        // compute the low dim volume fractions
        for (const auto& is : intersections(this->glue()))
        {
            // all inside elements are identical...
            const auto& inside = is.targetEntity(0);
            const auto intersectionGeometry = is.geometry();
            const auto lowDimElementIdx = lowDimGridGeometry.elementMapper().index(inside);
 
            // compute the volume the low-dim domain occupies in the bulk domain if it were full-dimensional
            const auto radius = this->problem(lowDimIdx).spatialParams().radius(lowDimElementIdx);
            for (int outsideIdx = 0; outsideIdx < is.numDomainNeighbors(); ++outsideIdx)
            {
                const auto& outside = is.domainEntity(outsideIdx);
                const auto bulkElementIdx = bulkGridGeometry.elementMapper().index(outside);
                lowDimVolumeInBulkElement_[bulkElementIdx] += intersectionGeometry.volume()*M_PI*radius*radius;
            }
        }
    }

    // \{

    Scalar radius(std::size_t id) const
    {
        const auto& data = this->pointSourceData()[id];
        return this->problem(lowDimIdx).spatialParams().radius(data.lowDimElementIdx());
    }

    // For one-dimensional low dim domain we assume radial tubes
    Scalar lowDimVolume(const Element<bulkIdx>& element) const
    {
        const auto eIdx = this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry().elementMapper().index(element);
        return lowDimVolumeInBulkElement_[eIdx];
    }

    // For one-dimensional low dim domain we assume radial tubes
    Scalar lowDimVolumeFraction(const Element<bulkIdx>& element) const
    {
        const auto totalVolume = element.geometry().volume();
        return lowDimVolume(element) / totalVolume;
    }

    const std::vector<std::size_t>& bulkSourceIds(GridIndex<bulkIdx> eIdx, int scvIdx = 0) const
    { return bulkSourceIds_[eIdx][scvIdx]; }

    const std::vector<Scalar>& bulkSourceWeights(GridIndex<bulkIdx> eIdx, int scvIdx = 0) const
    { return bulkSourceWeights_[eIdx][scvIdx]; }

    Scalar fluxScalingFactor(std::size_t id) const
    { return fluxScalingFactor_[id]; }
 
    // \}

    const typename ParentType::template CouplingStencils<bulkIdx>::mapped_type&
    extendedSourceStencil(std::size_t eIdx) const
    {
        const auto& sourceStencils = extendedSourceStencil_.stencil();
        if (auto stencil = sourceStencils.find(eIdx); stencil != sourceStencils.end())
            return stencil->second;
 
        return this->emptyStencil(bulkIdx);
    }
 
private:
    template<class Line, class CylIntegration>
    Scalar computeBulkSource(const Line& line, const Scalar radius, const Scalar kernelWidth,
                             std::size_t id, GridIndex<lowDimIdx> lowDimElementIdx, GridIndex<bulkIdx> coupledBulkElementIdx,
                             const CylIntegration& cylIntegration, int embeddings)
    {
        // Monte-carlo integration on the cylinder defined by line and radius
        static const auto bulkParamGroup = this->problem(bulkIdx).paramGroup();
        static const auto min = getParamFromGroup<GlobalPosition>(bulkParamGroup, "Grid.LowerLeft");
        static const auto max = getParamFromGroup<GlobalPosition>(bulkParamGroup, "Grid.UpperRight");
        static const auto cells = getParamFromGroup<std::array<int, bulkDim>>(bulkParamGroup, "Grid.Cells");
        const auto cylSamples = cylIntegration.size();
        const auto& a = line.corner(0);
        const auto& b = line.corner(1);
 
        // optionally write debugging / visual output of the integration points
        static const auto writeIntegrationPointsToFile = getParam<bool>("MixedDimension.WriteIntegrationPointsToFile", false);
        if (writeIntegrationPointsToFile)
        {
            std::ofstream ipPointFile("kernel_points.log", std::ios::app);
            for (int i = 0; i < cylSamples; ++i)
            {
                const auto& point = cylIntegration.integrationPoint(i);
                if (const bool hasIntersection = intersectsPointBoundingBox(point, min, max); hasIntersection)
                    ipPointFile << point[0] << "," << point[1] << "," << point[2] << '\n';
            }
        }
 
        Scalar integral = 0.0;
        for (int i = 0; i < cylSamples; ++i)
        {
            const auto& point = cylIntegration.integrationPoint(i);
            // TODO: below only works for Cartesian grids with ijk numbering (e.g. level 0 YaspGrid (already fails when refined))
            // more general is the bounding box tree solution which always works, however it's much slower
            //const auto bulkIndices = intersectingEntities(point, this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry().boundingBoxTree(), true);
            if (const bool hasIntersection = intersectsPointBoundingBox(point, min, max); hasIntersection)
            {
                const auto bulkElementIdx = intersectingEntityCartesianGrid(point, min, max, cells);
                assert(bulkElementIdx < this->problem(bulkIdx).gridGeometry().gridView().size(0));
                const auto localWeight = evalConstKernel_(a, b, point, radius, kernelWidth)*cylIntegration.integrationElement(i)/Scalar(embeddings);
                integral += localWeight;
                if (!bulkSourceIds_[bulkElementIdx][0].empty() && id == bulkSourceIds_[bulkElementIdx][0].back())
                {
                    bulkSourceWeights_[bulkElementIdx][0].back() += localWeight;
                }
                else
                {
                    bulkSourceIds_[bulkElementIdx][0].emplace_back(id);
                    bulkSourceWeights_[bulkElementIdx][0].emplace_back(localWeight);
                    addBulkSourceStencils_(bulkElementIdx, lowDimElementIdx, coupledBulkElementIdx);
                }
            }
        }
 
        // the surface factor (which fraction of the source is inside the domain and needs to be considered)
        const auto length = (a-b).two_norm()/Scalar(embeddings);
        return integral/length;
    }
 
    void prepareDataStructures_()
    {
        // clear all internal members like pointsource vectors and stencils
        // initializes the point source id counter
        this->clear();
        bulkSourceIds_.clear();
        bulkSourceWeights_.clear();
        extendedSourceStencil_.stencil().clear();
 
        // precompute the vertex indices for efficiency for the box method
        this->precomputeVertexIndices(bulkIdx);
        this->precomputeVertexIndices(lowDimIdx);
 
        bulkSourceIds_.resize(this->gridView(bulkIdx).size(0));
        bulkSourceWeights_.resize(this->gridView(bulkIdx).size(0));
 
        // intersect the bounding box trees
        this->glueGrids();
 
        // reserve memory for data
        this->pointSourceData().reserve(this->glue().size());
        this->averageDistanceToBulkCell().reserve(this->glue().size());
        fluxScalingFactor_.reserve(this->glue().size());
 
        // reserve memory for stencils
        const auto numBulkElements = this->gridView(bulkIdx).size(0);
        for (GridIndex<bulkIdx> bulkElementIdx = 0; bulkElementIdx < numBulkElements; ++bulkElementIdx)
        {
            this->couplingStencils(bulkIdx)[bulkElementIdx].reserve(10);
            extendedSourceStencil_.stencil()[bulkElementIdx].reserve(10);
            bulkSourceIds_[bulkElementIdx][0].reserve(10);
            bulkSourceWeights_[bulkElementIdx][0].reserve(10);
        }
    }

    void makeUniqueStencil_()
    {
        // make extra stencils unique
        for (auto&& stencil : extendedSourceStencil_.stencil())
        {
            std::sort(stencil.second.begin(), stencil.second.end());
            stencil.second.erase(std::unique(stencil.second.begin(), stencil.second.end()), stencil.second.end());
 
            // remove the vertices element (box)
            if constexpr (isBox<bulkIdx>())
            {
                const auto& indices = this->vertexIndices(bulkIdx, stencil.first);
                stencil.second.erase(std::remove_if(stencil.second.begin(), stencil.second.end(),
                                                   [&](auto i){ return std::find(indices.begin(), indices.end(), i) != indices.end(); }),
                                     stencil.second.end());
            }
            // remove the own element (cell-centered)
            else
            {
                stencil.second.erase(std::remove_if(stencil.second.begin(), stencil.second.end(),
                                                   [&](auto i){ return i == stencil.first; }),
                                     stencil.second.end());
            }
        }
 
        // make stencils unique
        using namespace Dune::Hybrid;
        forEach(integralRange(Dune::index_constant<2>{}), [&](const auto domainIdx)
        {
            for (auto&& stencil : this->couplingStencils(domainIdx))
            {
                std::sort(stencil.second.begin(), stencil.second.end());
                stencil.second.erase(std::unique(stencil.second.begin(), stencil.second.end()), stencil.second.end());
            }
        });
    }

    void addBulkSourceStencils_(GridIndex<bulkIdx> bulkElementIdx, GridIndex<lowDimIdx> coupledLowDimElementIdx, GridIndex<bulkIdx> coupledBulkElementIdx)
    {
        // add the lowdim element to the coupling stencil of this bulk element
        if constexpr (isBox<lowDimIdx>())
        {
            const auto& vertices = this->vertexIndices(lowDimIdx, coupledLowDimElementIdx);
            this->couplingStencils(bulkIdx)[bulkElementIdx].insert(this->couplingStencils(bulkIdx)[bulkElementIdx].end(),
                                                                   vertices.begin(), vertices.end());
 
        }
        else
        {
            auto& s = this->couplingStencils(bulkIdx)[bulkElementIdx];
            s.push_back(coupledLowDimElementIdx);
        }
 
        // the extended source stencil, every 3d element with a source is coupled to
        // the element/dofs where the 3d quantities are measured
        if constexpr (isBox<bulkIdx>())
        {
            const auto& vertices = this->vertexIndices(bulkIdx, coupledBulkElementIdx);
            extendedSourceStencil_.stencil()[bulkElementIdx].insert(extendedSourceStencil_.stencil()[bulkElementIdx].end(),
                                                                    vertices.begin(), vertices.end());
        }
        else
        {
            auto& s = extendedSourceStencil_.stencil()[bulkElementIdx];
            s.push_back(coupledBulkElementIdx);
        }
    }

    Scalar evalConstKernel_(const GlobalPosition& a,
                            const GlobalPosition& b,
                            const GlobalPosition& point,
                            const Scalar R,
                            const Scalar rho) const noexcept
    {
        // projection of point onto line a + t*(b-a)
        const auto ab = b - a;
        const auto t = (point - a)*ab/ab.two_norm2();
 
        // return 0 if we are outside cylinder
        if (t < 0.0 || t > 1.0)
            return 0.0;
 
        // compute distance
        auto proj = a; proj.axpy(t, ab);
        const auto radiusSquared = (proj - point).two_norm2();
 
        if (radiusSquared > rho*rho)
            return 0.0;
 
        return 1.0/(M_PI*rho*rho);
    }

    template<class SpatialParams>
    auto kernelWidthFactor_(const SpatialParams& spatialParams, unsigned int eIdx)
    -> std::enable_if_t<hasKernelWidthFactor<SpatialParams, unsigned int>(), Scalar>
    { return spatialParams.kernelWidthFactor(eIdx); }

    template<class SpatialParams>
    auto kernelWidthFactor_(const SpatialParams& spatialParams, unsigned int eIdx)
    -> std::enable_if_t<!hasKernelWidthFactor<SpatialParams, unsigned int>(), Scalar>
    {
        static const Scalar kernelWidthFactor = getParam<Scalar>("MixedDimension.KernelWidthFactor");
        return kernelWidthFactor;
    }

    EmbeddedCoupling::ExtendedSourceStencil<ThisType> extendedSourceStencil_;
    std::vector<Scalar> lowDimVolumeInBulkElement_;
    std::vector<std::array<std::vector<std::size_t>, isBox<bulkIdx>() ? 1<<bulkDim : 1>> bulkSourceIds_;
    std::vector<std::array<std::vector<Scalar>, isBox<bulkIdx>() ? 1<<bulkDim : 1>> bulkSourceWeights_;

    std::vector<Scalar> fluxScalingFactor_;
};

template<class MDTraits>
struct CouplingManagerSupportsMultithreadedAssembly<Embedded1d3dCouplingManager<MDTraits, Embedded1d3dCouplingMode::Kernel>>
: public std::true_type {};
 
} // end namespace Dumux
 
#endif